Parenteral administration is a medical procedure involving the injection of therapeutic substances directly into the body, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract. This method is often employed when a patient cannot or should not receive medication orally or when a rapid and precise response is required.
Parenteral administration can be classified into several types based on the injection route:
Parenteral administration is typically indicated in the following situations:
Nurses play a crucial role in ensuring safe and effective parenteral administration. They must:
Story 1:
A nurse accidentally injected a patient with the wrong medication. The patient suffered a severe allergic reaction, requiring immediate medical attention. This incident highlights the importance of meticulous medication verification and proper administration techniques.
Lesson: Double-check medication orders and ensure accurate medication preparation and administration.
Story 2:
A patient refused to take oral pain medication after surgery due to nausea. The nurse administered an intramuscular injection of pain medication. The patient experienced significant pain relief and expressed gratitude for the alternative method.
Lesson: Consider parenteral administration as an option when oral medication is not feasible or insufficiently effective.
Story 3:
A nurse repeatedly injected a patient in the same muscle tissue without proper rotation. The patient developed severe tissue damage and scarring at the injection site.
Lesson: Rotate injection sites regularly to prevent tissue damage and ensure optimal drug absorption.
Intravenous vs. Intramuscular Administration
Feature | Intravenous | Intramuscular |
---|---|---|
Onset of action | Rapid (seconds to minutes) | Moderate (10-30 minutes) |
Absorption | 100% bioavailability | Variable and incomplete |
Route of administration | Vein | Muscle |
Volume of injection | Typically large (20-100 mL) | Typically small (1-5 mL) |
Subcutaneous vs. Intraperitoneal Administration
Feature | Subcutaneous | Intraperitoneal |
---|---|---|
Onset of action | Slow (30-60 minutes) | Immediate |
Absorption | Relatively slow and sustained | Rapid |
Route of administration | Fatty layer beneath the skin | Peritoneal cavity |
Volume of injection | Typically small (0.5-2 mL) | Typically larger (10-50 mL) |
Table 1: Common Parenteral Drugs
Drug | Route of Administration | Indication |
---|---|---|
Lidocaine | Intravenous | Local anesthesia |
Morphine | Intravenous, Intramuscular | Pain relief |
Vancomycin | Intravenous | Antibiotic |
Insulin | Subcutaneous | Diabetes management |
Metoclopramide | Intravenous | Nausea and vomiting |
Table 2: Injection Site Selection
Route of Administration | Preferred Injection Site |
---|---|
Intravenous | Median cubital vein |
Intramuscular | Vastus lateralis, Dorsogluteal, Ventrogluteal |
Subcutaneous | Abdomen, Thigh, Upper arm |
Table 3: Signs and Symptoms of Complications
Complication | Signs and Symptoms |
---|---|
Infection | Redness, swelling, pain, drainage |
Extravasation | Swelling, pain, discoloration |
Phlebitis | Redness, pain, induration along the vein |
Emboli | Sudden onset of pain, shortness of breath, chest pain |
Parenteral administration is a crucial technique in healthcare, providing a means to deliver therapeutic substances directly into the body. By understanding the principles, types, advantages, and disadvantages of parenteral administration, healthcare professionals can ensure the safe and effective delivery of medications. Nurses, in particular, play a vital role in ensuring patient safety and optimizing treatment outcomes through meticulous assessment, preparation, administration, and monitoring.
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